Involving hard-to-reach populations is pivotal for the tailoring and implementation of an epidemiological study in cross-border communities of French Guiana and Suriname.

Background: Hard-to-reach, vulnerable and cross-border populations are often disproportionately affected by communicable diseases. Epidemiological data on viral hepatitis in French Guiana and Suriname are available for urban areas, but not for remote communities. The Maroni River, which separates FG and Suriname, is home to Tribal and Indigenous communities. Reaching these populations is challenging due to logistical constraints, cultural and language barriers, and mistrust of outsiders. Objectives: We aimed to conduct an epidemiological study of viral hepatitis [Maroni Hepatites Virales (MaHeVi)] in this remote and complex area. Here, we describe the operational hurdles and solutions required to achieve this. Methods: We undertook a preliminary assessment of the area with local community leaders and health workers to gain approval of MaHeVi, acceptance of blood sampling, and suggestions for adapting the study to cultural and logistical constraints. Anthropological assessments were conducted through focus groups and interviews with key individuals to assess knowledge, beliefs and risk factors for VH. Results: MaHeVi was well received by the local communities. The approval of the community leaders was crucial for the implementation and acceptance of the study. The main adaptations were hiring community health mediators to overcome cultural and language differences, using blotting paper instead of venipuncture for logistical and acceptability reasons, and adapting communication materials. Conclusion: Careful preparation and tailoring of the communication materials and research protocol have enabled the successful implementation of the study. This process could be replicated in this area and transferred to other complex contexts combining borders, logistical hurdles and populations requiring cultural adaptations.

Prevalence of persistent symptoms after having COVID-19 in a cohort in Suriname.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of persistent symptoms after having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort in Suriname, and assess the factors associated with long COVID. Methods: A sample of adults 18 years and older who were registered 3-4 months previously in a national database because of a positive COVID-19 test were selected. They were interviewed about socioeconomic characteristics, pre-COVID-19 health status and lifestyle, and symptoms during and after COVID-19. A subset of participants underwent a physical examination to determine body mass index, waist circumference, cardiovascular parameters, lung function, and functionality. Results: A total of 106 participants (mean age 49 (standard deviation 15) years; 62.3% female) were interviewed, of whom 32 were physically examined. The greatest proportion of participants was of Hindustani descent (22.6%). Overall, 37.7% of participants were physically inactive, 26.4% had hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and 13.2% had been previously diagnosed with heart disease. Most participants (56.6%) had experienced mild COVID-19 and 14.2% had experienced severe COVID-19. A large proportion (39.6%) had experienced at least one persistent symptom after recovery from acute COVID-19 and more women were affected (47.0% of women versus 27.5% of men). Fatigue and alopecia were the most common symptoms, followed by dyspnea and sleep disturbance. Differences were observed between ethnic groups. Based on physical examination, 45.0% of the subset was obese and 67.7% had very high waist-circumference. Conclusions: About 40% of the cohort had at least one persistent symptom 3-4 months after having had COVID-19, with differences observed by sex and ethnic group.

Prevalence of persistent symptoms after having COVID-19 in a cohort in Suriname

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To determine the prevalence of persistent symptoms after having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort in Suriname, and assess the factors associated with long COVID. Methods. A sample of adults 18 years and older who were registered 3–4 months previously in a national database because of a positive COVID-19 test were selected. They were interviewed about socioeconomic characteristics, pre-COVID-19 health status and lifestyle, and symptoms during and after COVID-19. A subset of participants underwent a physical examination to determine body mass index, waist circumference, cardiovascular parameters, lung function, and functionality. Results. A total of 106 participants (mean age 49 (standard deviation 15) years; 62.3% female) were inter- viewed, of whom 32 were physically examined. The greatest proportion of participants was of Hindustani descent (22.6%). Overall, 37.7% of participants were physically inactive, 26.4% had hypertension or diabe- tes mellitus, and 13.2% had been previously diagnosed with heart disease. Most participants (56.6%) had experienced mild COVID-19 and 14.2% had experienced severe COVID-19. A large proportion (39.6%) had experienced at least one persistent symptom after recovery from acute COVID-19 and more women were affected (47.0% of women versus 27.5% of men). Fatigue and alopecia were the most common symptoms, followed by dyspnea and sleep disturbance. Differences were observed between ethnic groups. Based on physical examination, 45.0% of the subset was obese and 67.7% had very high waist-circumference. Conclusions. About 40% of the cohort had at least one persistent symptom 3–4 months after having had COVID-19, with differences observed by sex and ethnic group.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas persistentes tras la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en una cohorte en Suriname, y evaluar los factores asociados a la COVID-19 de larga duración. Métodos. Se seleccionó una muestra de personas mayores de 18 años que habían sido registradas tres a cuatro meses antes en una base de datos nacional debido a un resultado positivo en una prueba de COVID-19. Se les realizaron preguntas sobre sus características socioeconómicas, estado de salud y modo de vida previos a la COVID-19 y sobre sus síntomas durante y después de esta enfermedad. A un subconjunto de participantes se les realizó un examen físico para determinar su índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal, parámetros cardiovasculares, función pulmonar y estado funcional. Resultados. Se entrevistó a 106 participantes (media de edad: 49 años [desviación estándar: 15 años]; 62,3% mujeres); de los cuales a 32 se les realizó una exploración física. La mayor parte de los participantes tenían ascendencia indostana (22,6%). En términos generales, el 37,7% de los participantes eran sedentarios, el 26,4% tenían hipertensión o diabetes mellitus y al 13,2% les habían diagnosticado previamente una cardiopatía. La mayor parte (56,6%) habían presentado síntomas leves de COVID-19 y el 14,2% síntomas graves. Una proporción elevada (39,6%) había manifestado al menos un síntoma persistente tras recuperarse de un cuadro crítico de COVID-19; esto se daba con mayor frecuencia en las mujeres (47,0% de las mujeres frente a 27,5% de los hombres). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fatiga y alopecia, seguidos por disnea y alteraciones del sueño. Se observaron diferencias entre los grupos étnicos. De acuerdo con los resultados del examen físico, el 45,0% del subgrupo era obeso y el 67,7% tenía un perímetro abdominal muy elevado. Conclusiones. Aproximadamente el 40% de la cohorte presentaba al menos un síntoma persistente tres o cuatro meses tras haber tenido COVID-19, con diferencias en función del sexo y el grupo étnico.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Determinar a prevalência de sintomas persistentes pós-doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID- 19) em uma coorte no Suriname e avaliar os fatores associados à COVID longa. Métodos. Foi selecionada uma amostra de adultos (a partir dos 18 anos) que haviam sido cadastrados 3 a 4 meses antes do estudo em um banco de dados nacional devido a um teste positivo para COVID-19. Os indivíduos selecionados foram entrevistados acerca de seu perfil socioeconômico, estado de saúde, estilo de vida pré-COVID-19 e sintomas durante e após a COVID-19. Um subconjunto de participantes foi submetido a exame físico para determinar índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal, parâmetros cardiovasculares, função pulmonar e funcionalidade. Resultados. Foram entrevistados 106 participantes (média de idade, 49 anos; desvio padrão, 15 anos; 62,3% do sexo feminino), dos quais 32 foram submetidos ao exame físico. A maior proporção de participantes era de ascendência hindu (22,6%). No total, 37,7% dos participantes eram fisicamente inativos, 26,4% tinham hiper- tensão ou diabetes e 13,2% tinham diagnóstico prévio de cardiopatia. A maioria dos participantes (56,6%) teve COVID-19 leve, e 14,2%, COVID-19 grave. Uma grande proporção (39,6%) apresentou pelo menos um sintoma persistente após a recuperação da COVID-19 aguda. Mais mulheres foram afetadas (47,0% das mul- heres versus 27,5% dos homens). Fadiga e alopecia foram os sintomas mais comuns, seguidos de dispneia e distúrbios do sono. Foram observadas diferenças entre grupos étnicos. Dos participantes submetidos ao exame físico, 45,0% eram obesos e 67,7% tinham circunferência abdominal muito larga. Conclusões. Cerca de 40% da coorte apresentou pelo menos um sintoma persistente 3 a 4 meses após a COVID-19. Foram observadas diferenças por sexo e grupo étnico.

Prevalence of persistent symptoms after having COVID-19 in a cohort in Suriname / Prevalencia de síntomas persistentes tras la COVID-19 en una cohorte en Suriname / Prevalência de sintomas persistentes após COVID-19 em uma coorte no Suriname

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the prevalence of persistent symptoms after having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort in Suriname, and assess the factors associated with long COVID. Methods. A sample of adults 18 years and older who were registered 3-4 months previously in a national database because of a positive COVID-19 test were selected. They were interviewed about socioeconomic characteristics, pre-COVID-19 health status and lifestyle, and symptoms during and after COVID-19. A subset of participants underwent a physical examination to determine body mass index, waist circumference, cardiovascular parameters, lung function, and functionality. Results. A total of 106 participants (mean age 49 (standard deviation 15) years; 62.3% female) were interviewed, of whom 32 were physically examined. The greatest proportion of participants was of Hindustani descent (22.6%). Overall, 37.7% of participants were physically inactive, 26.4% had hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and 13.2% had been previously diagnosed with heart disease. Most participants (56.6%) had experienced mild COVID-19 and 14.2% had experienced severe COVID-19. A large proportion (39.6%) had experienced at least one persistent symptom after recovery from acute COVID-19 and more women were affected (47.0% of women versus 27.5% of men). Fatigue and alopecia were the most common symptoms, followed by dyspnea and sleep disturbance. Differences were observed between ethnic groups. Based on physical examination, 45.0% of the subset was obese and 67.7% had very high waist-circumference. Conclusions. About 40% of the cohort had at least one persistent symptom 3-4 months after having had COVID-19, with differences observed by sex and ethnic group.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas persistentes tras la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en una cohorte en Suriname, y evaluar los factores asociados a la COVID-19 de larga duración. Métodos. Se seleccionó una muestra de personas mayores de 18 años que habían sido registradas tres a cuatro meses antes en una base de datos nacional debido a un resultado positivo en una prueba de COVID-19. Se les realizaron preguntas sobre sus características socioeconómicas, estado de salud y modo de vida previos a la COVID-19 y sobre sus síntomas durante y después de esta enfermedad. A un subconjunto de participantes se les realizó un examen físico para determinar su índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal, parámetros cardiovasculares, función pulmonar y estado funcional. Resultados. Se entrevistó a 106 participantes (media de edad: 49 años [desviación estándar: 15 años]; 62,3% mujeres); de los cuales a 32 se les realizó una exploración física. La mayor parte de los participantes tenían ascendencia indostana (22,6%). En términos generales, el 37,7% de los participantes eran sedentarios, el 26,4% tenían hipertensión o diabetes mellitus y al 13,2% les habían diagnosticado previamente una cardiopatía. La mayor parte (56,6%) habían presentado síntomas leves de COVID-19 y el 14,2% síntomas graves. Una proporción elevada (39,6%) había manifestado al menos un síntoma persistente tras recuperarse de un cuadro crítico de COVID-19; esto se daba con mayor frecuencia en las mujeres (47,0% de las mujeres frente a 27,5% de los hombres). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fatiga y alopecia, seguidos por disnea y alteraciones del sueño. Se observaron diferencias entre los grupos étnicos. De acuerdo con los resultados del examen físico, el 45,0% del subgrupo era obeso y el 67,7% tenía un perímetro abdominal muy elevado. Conclusiones. Aproximadamente el 40% de la cohorte presentaba al menos un síntoma persistente tres o cuatro meses tras haber tenido COVID-19, con diferencias en función del sexo y el grupo étnico.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar a prevalência de sintomas persistentes pós-doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) em uma coorte no Suriname e avaliar os fatores associados à COVID longa. Métodos. Foi selecionada uma amostra de adultos (a partir dos 18 anos) que haviam sido cadastrados 3 a 4 meses antes do estudo em um banco de dados nacional devido a um teste positivo para COVID-19. Os indivíduos selecionados foram entrevistados acerca de seu perfil socioeconômico, estado de saúde, estilo de vida pré-COVID-19 e sintomas durante e após a COVID-19. Um subconjunto de participantes foi submetido a exame físico para determinar índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal, parâmetros cardiovasculares, função pulmonar e funcionalidade. Resultados. Foram entrevistados 106 participantes (média de idade, 49 anos; desvio padrão, 15 anos; 62,3% do sexo feminino), dos quais 32 foram submetidos ao exame físico. A maior proporção de participantes era de ascendência hindu (22,6%). No total, 37,7% dos participantes eram fisicamente inativos, 26,4% tinham hipertensão ou diabetes e 13,2% tinham diagnóstico prévio de cardiopatia. A maioria dos participantes (56,6%) teve COVID-19 leve, e 14,2%, COVID-19 grave. Uma grande proporção (39,6%) apresentou pelo menos um sintoma persistente após a recuperação da COVID-19 aguda. Mais mulheres foram afetadas (47,0% das mulheres versus 27,5% dos homens). Fadiga e alopecia foram os sintomas mais comuns, seguidos de dispneia e distúrbios do sono. Foram observadas diferenças entre grupos étnicos. Dos participantes submetidos ao exame físico, 45,0% eram obesos e 67,7% tinham circunferência abdominal muito larga. Conclusões. Cerca de 40% da coorte apresentou pelo menos um sintoma persistente 3 a 4 meses após a COVID-19. Foram observadas diferenças por sexo e grupo étnico.

A rare infection in the tropics that is not uncommon in cases of chronic granulomatous disease.

Chromobacterium violaceum is a rare cause of infection in immunocompromised patients in the tropics with a spectrum of disease manifestations, including severe disease. Early identification of this micro-organism is essential for appropriate management. We present a case of C. violaceum septicaemia in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.

Hepatitis B viral load and risk of HBV-related liver disease: from East to West?

Chronic hepatitis B has a variable course in disease activity with a risk of clinical complications like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As clinical symptoms present in a late stage of the disease, identification of risk factors is important for early detection and therefore improvement of prognosis. Recently, two REVEAL-HBV studies from Taiwan have shown a positive correlation between viral load at any point in time and the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to differences in viral and host factors between Asians and other populations, it is unclear whether these results can be extrapolated to different populations. This manuscript will discuss viral predictors of hepatitis B related liver disease in relation to ethnic origin.